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Mary Ellicott Arnold (April 23, 1876〔Georgi-Findlay, Brigitte. "The West as a Female Mission." In "The Frontiers of Women's Writing". University of Arizona Press, 1996.〕–1968) was an American social activist, teacher and writer best known for ''In the Land of the Grasshopper Song'', the memoir she wrote with Mabel Reed (1876–1963) on their experiences as Bureau of Indian Affairs employees, 1908–1909. ==Life and work== A native of Staten Island, New York, Arnold moved at an early age to Somerville, New Jersey where she began her childhood friendship with Mabel Reed, a companionship that later matured into a life partnership. Arnold studied business at Drexel Institute, Philadelphia, and agriculture at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. As young women, Arnold and Reed devoted five years (1901–1906) to farming a fifty-five acre plot.〔Carter, Patricia."’Completely discouraged': Women teachers’ resistance in the Bureau of Indian Affairs schools, 1900-1910." ''Frontiers'' (15.3)〕 They next gained experience as urban organizers in New York City. Their employer, City and Suburban Homes Company, was a philanthropic organization building affordable, decent housing for the working poor.〔Gray, Christopher. "Streetscapes: City and Suburban Homes." ''New York Times.'' 3 July 1988.〕 When Arnold and Reed accepted positions as so-called field matrons on the Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation in the Klamath River Valley of Northern California, they were charged to exert a “civilizing influence” upon the fewer than eight hundred members of the Karok nation, a vagueness they were to exploit to their own benefit and that of the Karok.〔 Arnold and Reed lacked the social and racial prejudices of the era. Although the Bureau of Indian Affairs expected them to enforce white cultural values, they instead accepted Karok practices and established a close working friendship with Essie, a native woman with three husbands.〔 They were eager, Arnold said, not to be “ladies—the kind who have Sunday schools, and never say a bad word, and rustle around in a lot of silk petticoats”.〔Faderman, Lillian. ''To Believe in Women: What Lesbians Have Done for America—A History.'' New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2000. 157.〕 In the decades following their breakthrough experience of independent living and community education among the Karok, Arnold and Reed further developed their skills as organizers and activists in cooperative housing, credit unions, adult education, rural development, and Indian rights. Arnold worked in Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Maine, New York, and Pennsylvania. In Reserve Mines, Nova Scotia, Arnold and Reed helped the mining community establish cooperative housing. Arnold conferred with Antigonish Movement elders Moses Coady and Father Jimmy and she and Reed lived among the miners. Arnold was an active Quaker and a finance officer with the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.〔("Background Note." ) ''Inventory of the Mary Ellicott Arnold Papers, 1888-1970.'' Friends Historical Library, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA.〕 Arnold’s papers and correspondence are housed at Friends Historical Library, Swarthmore College and the Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. In 2003, playwright Lauren Wilson adapted ''In the Land of the Grasshopper Song'' for the stage as a musical comedy, with music by Tim Gray, for production by the Dell’Arte theater troupe.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.dellarte.com/show.aspx?sid=4&id=23 )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mary Ellicott Arnold」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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